Protection of coral cover along the existing protected marine areas in the Andaman and Nicobar islands is necessary for the conservation of the endangered bumphead parrotfish, a new study has suggested.
Bumphead parrotfish, Bolbometopon muricatum, is an important component of coral reef ecosystem but is highly endangered globally. It is categorized as ‘vulnerable’ in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This fish is highly prized resource, but is threatened due to limited knowledge about its distribution and abundance in Indian waters.
Now a group of researchers has studied the distribution, abundance, and dangers to this species in the waters of Andaman and Nicobar islands. “A large body size, aggregating behavior and limited activity at night make B. muricatum an easy target for spear-fishers. Combined with slow growth and low replacement rates, this has resulted in population declines across the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea regions,” said Vardhan Patankar, a marine biologist from Wildlife Conservation Society- India.
The team carried out the underwater visual census, during November 2013 and April 2015, at a total of 75 reef sites across 51 islands of Andaman and Nicobar islands, using scuba diving and underwater camera. It recorded 59 individuals of parrotfish across nine sites from the northernmost island in the Andamans (Landfall Island) to the southernmost island in the Nicobars (Great Nicobar Island).
During the study, the scientists also spoke to about 100 fishermen regarding their awareness and perception of B. muricatum. From the interviews, they collected the data on the intensity of fishing, ethnic heterogeneity of the fishing community and the diversity of fishing gear used.
“A large body size, aggregating behavior and limited activity at night make B. muricatum an easy target for spear-fishers.”, Vardhan Patankar
The team found that the fish occurs unevenly, with most sightings from only two islands, and with an apparently very small density. It also emerged free diving spear-fishers exclusively target the aggregations of this fish during the night.
The study reports that the presence of a protected area, live coral and algal cover, significantly influenced the distribution and abundance of B. muricatum. Incidental catch by fishers and degradation of coral reef habitats are two potential threats to the species.
“Evidence of low abundance of B. muricatum on ocean reefs surrounded by deep waters, and traits such as limited dispersal and gregariousness, could also have influenced the distribution and abundance of this fish,” said Tanmay Wagh, another member of the team.
The findings suggest the necessity to ban night fishing for the species and to implement regulations regarding reef fishing. Considering the vulnerable status of B. muricatum globally, the species could be a flagship for educational campaigns focusing on the importance of conserving similar fish groups and protecting the coral reefs.
The research team included Vardhan Patankar (Wildlife Conservation Society-India and National Centre for Biological Sciences); Tanmay Wagh (Dakshin Foundation); and Aniruddha Marathe (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment). The research findings have been published in the journal Oryx.